2011 年 3 月 23 日
欢迎来到 Django 1.3 版本！
Nearly a year in the making, Django 1.3 includes quite a few new features and plenty of bug fixes and improvements to existing features. These release notes cover the new features in 1.3, as well as some backwards-incompatible changes you'll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 1.2 or older versions.
Django 1.3's focus has mostly been on resolving smaller, long-standing feature requests, but that hasn't prevented a few fairly significant new features from landing, including:
Wherever possible, new features are introduced in a backwards-compatible manner per our API stability policy policy. As a result of this policy, Django 1.3 begins the deprecation process for some features.
The release of Django 1.2 was notable for having the first shift in Django's Python compatibility policy; prior to Django 1.2, Django supported any 2.x version of Python from 2.3 up. As of Django 1.2, the minimum requirement was raised to Python 2.4.
Django 1.3 continues to support Python 2.4, but will be the final Django release series to do so; beginning with Django 1.4, the minimum supported Python version will be 2.5. A document outlining our full timeline for deprecating Python 2.x and moving to Python 3.x will be published shortly after the release of Django 1.3.
Django 1.3 adds a framework that allows you to use a class as a view. This means you can compose a view out of a collection of methods that can be subclassed and overridden to provide common views of data without having to write too much code.
Analogs of all the old function-based generic views have been provided, along with a completely generic view base class that can be used as the basis for reusable applications that can be easily extended.
See the documentation on class-based generic views for more details. There is also a document to help you convert your function-based generic views to class-based views.
Django 1.3 adds framework-level support for Python's logging
module. This means you can now easily configure and control logging
as part of your Django project. A number of logging handlers and
logging calls have been added to Django's own code as well -- most
notably, the error emails sent on an HTTP 500 server error are now
handled as a logging activity. See the documentation on Django's
logging interface for more details.
Django 1.3 ships with a new contrib app --
django.contrib.staticfiles -- to help developers handle the static
media files (images, CSS, JavaScript, etc.) that are needed to render
a complete web page.
In previous versions of Django, it was common to place static assets
in MEDIA_ROOT along with user-uploaded files, and serve
them both at MEDIA_URL. Part of the purpose of introducing
the staticfiles app is to make it easier to keep static files
separate from user-uploaded files. Static assets should now go in
static/ subdirectories of your apps or in other static assets
directories listed in STATICFILES_DIRS, and will be served
at STATIC_URL.
See the reference documentation of the app for more details or learn how to manage static files.
unittest2 support¶Python 2.7 introduced some major changes to the unittest library,
adding some extremely useful features. To ensure that every Django
project can benefit from these new features, Django ships with a copy
of unittest2, a copy of the Python 2.7 unittest library,
backported for Python 2.4 compatibility.
To access this library, Django provides the django.utils.unittest
module alias. If you are using Python 2.7, or you have installed
unittest2 locally, Django will map the alias to the installed
version of the unittest library. Otherwise, Django will use its own
bundled version of unittest2.
To take advantage of this alias, simply use:
from django.utils import unittest
wherever you would have historically used:
import unittest
If you want to continue to use the base unittest library, you can --
you just won't get any of the nice new unittest2 features.
Users of Python 2.5 and above may now use transaction management functions as context managers. For example:
with transaction.autocommit():
...
ForeignKey and
OneToOneField now accept an
on_delete argument to customize behavior
when the referenced object is deleted. Previously, deletes were always
cascaded; available alternatives now include set null, set default, set to any
value, protect, or do nothing.
For more information, see the on_delete
documentation.
For translation strings with ambiguous meaning, you can now
use the pgettext function to specify the context of the string.
And if you just want to add some information for translators, you can also add special translator comments in the source.
A number of improvements have been made to Django's built-in template tags:
include tag now accepts a with option, allowing
you to specify context variables to the included templateinclude tag now accepts an only option, allowing
you to exclude the current context from the included contextwith tag now allows you to define multiple context
variables in a single with block.load tag now accepts a from argument, allowing
you to load a single tag or filter from a library.It can sometimes be beneficial to allow decorators or middleware to modify a response after it has been constructed by the view. For example, you may want to change the template that is used, or put additional data into the context.
However, you can't (easily) modify the content of a basic
HttpResponse after it has been constructed. To
overcome this limitation, Django 1.3 adds a new
TemplateResponse class. Unlike basic
HttpResponse objects,
TemplateResponse objects retain the details
of the template and context that was provided by the view to compute
the response. The final output of the response is not computed until
it is needed, later in the response process.
For more details, see the documentation
on the TemplateResponse class.
Django 1.3 sees the introduction of several improvements to the Django's caching infrastructure.
Firstly, Django now supports multiple named caches. In the same way
that Django 1.2 introduced support for multiple database connections,
Django 1.3 allows you to use the new CACHES setting to
define multiple named cache connections.
Secondly, versioning, site-wide prefixing and transformation have been added to the cache API.
Thirdly, cache key creation has been
updated to take the request query string into account on GET
requests.
Finally, support for pylibmc has been added to the memcached cache backend.
For more details, see the documentation on caching in Django.
If you provide a custom auth backend with supports_inactive_user
set to True, an inactive User instance will check the backend
for permissions. This is useful for further centralizing the
permission handling. See the authentication docs
for more details.
The GeoDjango test suite is now included when
running the Django test suite with runtests.py
when using spatial database backends.
MEDIA_URL and STATIC_URL must end in a slash¶Previously, the MEDIA_URL setting only required a trailing slash if
it contained a suffix beyond the domain name.
A trailing slash is now required for MEDIA_URL and the new
STATIC_URL setting as long as it is not blank. This ensures there is
a consistent way to combine paths in templates.
Project settings which provide either of both settings without a trailing
slash will now raise a PendingDeprecationWarning.
In Django 1.4 this same condition will raise DeprecationWarning,
and in Django 1.5 will raise an ImproperlyConfigured exception.
Django 1.1 and 1.2 added lots of big ticket items to Django, like multiple-database support, model validation, and a session-based messages framework. However, this focus on big features came at the cost of lots of smaller features.
To compensate for this, the focus of the Django 1.3 development process has been on adding lots of smaller, long standing feature requests. These include:
Site object in
the sites framework.RequestFactory for mocking requests
in tests.assertNumQueries() -- making it
easier to test the database activity associated with a view.list_filter.mail_admins() and
mail_managers() now support easily attaching
HTML content to messages.EmailMessage now supports CC's.simple_tag() now accepts a
takes_context argument, making it easier to write simple
template tags that require access to template context.render() shortcut -- an alternative
to django.shortcuts.render_to_response() providing a
RequestContext by default.F expressions
with timedelta values when retrieving or updating database values.Prior to Django 1.2.5, Django's CSRF-prevention system exempted AJAX requests from CSRF verification; due to security issues reported to us, however, all requests are now subjected to CSRF verification. Consult the Django CSRF documentation for details on how to handle CSRF verification in AJAX requests.
Prior to Django 1.2.5, the Django administrative interface allowed
filtering on any model field or relation -- not just those specified
in list_filter -- via query string manipulation. Due to security
issues reported to us, however, query string lookup arguments in the
admin must be for fields or relations specified in list_filter or
date_hierarchy.
In earlier Django versions, when a model instance containing a
FileField was deleted,
FileField took it upon itself to also delete the
file from the backend storage. This opened the door to several data-loss
scenarios, including rolled-back transactions and fields on different models
referencing the same file. In Django 1.3, when a model is deleted the
FileField’s delete() method won't be called. If
you need cleanup of orphaned files, you'll need to handle it yourself (for
instance, with a custom management command that can be run manually or
scheduled to run periodically via e.g. cron).
The PasswordInput form widget, intended for use
with form fields which represent passwords, accepts a boolean keyword
argument render_value indicating whether to send its data back to
the browser when displaying a submitted form with errors. Prior to
Django 1.3, this argument defaulted to True, meaning that the
submitted password would be sent back to the browser as part of the
form. Developers who wished to add a bit of additional security by
excluding that value from the redisplayed form could instantiate a
PasswordInput passing render_value=False .
Due to the sensitive nature of passwords, however, Django 1.3 takes
this step automatically; the default value of render_value is now
False, and developers who want the password value returned to the
browser on a submission with errors (the previous behavior) must now
explicitly indicate this. For example:
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
password = forms.CharField(widget=forms.PasswordInput(render_value=True))
Django 1.3 now includes a ClearableFileInput form widget
in addition to FileInput. ClearableFileInput renders
with a checkbox to clear the field's value (if the field has a value and is not
required); FileInput provided no means for clearing an existing file from
a FileField.
ClearableFileInput is now the default widget for a FileField, so
existing forms including FileField without assigning a custom widget will
need to account for the possible extra checkbox in the rendered form output.
To return to the previous rendering (without the ability to clear the
FileField), use the FileInput widget in place of
ClearableFileInput. For instance, in a ModelForm for a hypothetical
Document model with a FileField named document:
from django import forms
from myapp.models import Document
class DocumentForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Document
widgets = {"document": forms.FileInput}
Prior to Django 1.3, the database table used by the database backend
for the sessions app had no index on
the expire_date column. As a result, date-based queries on the
session table -- such as the query that is needed to purge old
sessions -- would be very slow if there were lots of sessions.
If you have an existing project that is using the database session
backend, you don't have to do anything to accommodate this change.
However, you may get a significant performance boost if you manually
add the new index to the session table. The SQL that will add the
index can be found by running the sqlindexes admin command:
python manage.py sqlindexes sessions
Django has historically provided (and enforced) a list of profanities. The comments app has enforced this list of profanities, preventing people from submitting comments that contained one of those profanities.
Unfortunately, the technique used to implement this profanities list was woefully naive, and prone to the Scunthorpe problem. Improving the built-in filter to fix this problem would require significant effort, and since natural language processing isn't the normal domain of a web framework, we have "fixed" the problem by making the list of prohibited words an empty list.
If you want to restore the old behavior, simply put a
PROFANITIES_LIST setting in your settings file that includes the
words that you want to prohibit (see the commit that implemented this
change if you want to see the list
of words that was historically prohibited). However, if avoiding profanities is
important to you, you would be well advised to seek out a better, less naive
approach to the problem.
Django 1.3 introduces the following backwards-incompatible changes to local flavors:
USStateField has expanded to include Armed Forces postal
codes. This is backwards-incompatible if you were relying on
USStateField not including them.In Django 1.3 FormSet creation behavior is modified slightly. Historically
the class didn't make a distinction between not being passed data and being
passed empty dictionary. This was inconsistent with behavior in other parts of
the framework. Starting with 1.3 if you pass in empty dictionary the
FormSet will raise a ValidationError.
For example with a FormSet:
>>> class ArticleForm(Form):
... title = CharField()
... pub_date = DateField()
...
>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm)
the following code will raise a ValidationError:
>>> ArticleFormSet({})
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValidationError: [u'ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with']
if you need to instantiate an empty FormSet, don't pass in the data or use
None:
>>> formset = ArticleFormSet()
>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data=None)
Previously, a callable in a template would only be called automatically as part of the variable resolution process if it was retrieved via attribute lookup. This was an inconsistency that could result in confusing and unhelpful behavior:
>>> Template("{{ user.get_full_name }}").render(Context({"user": user}))
u'Joe Bloggs'
>>> Template("{{ full_name }}").render(Context({"full_name": user.get_full_name}))
u'<bound method User.get_full_name of <...
This has been resolved in Django 1.3 - the result in both cases will be u'Joe
Bloggs'. Although the previous behavior was not useful for a template language
designed for web designers, and was never deliberately supported, it is possible
that some templates may be broken by this change.
Django provides a custom SQL hooks as a way to inject hand-crafted SQL
into the database synchronization process. One of the possible uses
for this custom SQL is to insert data into your database. If your
custom SQL contains INSERT statements, those insertions will be
performed every time your database is synchronized. This includes the
synchronization of any test databases that are created when you run a
test suite.
However, in the process of testing the Django 1.3, it was discovered that this feature has never completely worked as advertised. When using database backends that don't support transactions, or when using a TransactionTestCase, data that has been inserted using custom SQL will not be visible during the testing process.
Unfortunately, there was no way to rectify this problem without introducing a backwards incompatibility. Rather than leave SQL-inserted initial data in an uncertain state, Django now enforces the policy that data inserted by custom SQL will not be visible during testing.
This change only affects the testing process. You can still use custom
SQL to load data into your production database as part of the syncdb
process. If you require data to exist during test conditions, you
should either insert it using test fixtures, or using the setUp() method of your
test case.
Work has been done to simplify, rationalize and properly document the algorithm used by Django at runtime to build translations from the different translations found on disk, namely:
For translatable literals found in Python code and templates ('django'
gettext domain):
INSTALLED_APPS setting were changed. To provide a behavior
consistent with other parts of Django that also use such setting (templates,
etc.) now, when building the translation that will be made available, the
apps listed first have higher precedence than the ones listed later.LOCALE_PATHS setting whose translations have now higher
precedence than the translations of INSTALLED_APPS applications.
The relative priority among the values listed in this setting has also been
modified so the paths listed first have higher precedence than the
ones listed later.locale subdirectory of the directory containing the settings, that
usually coincides with and is known as the project directory is being
deprecated in this release as a source of translations. (the precedence of
these translations is intermediate between applications and LOCALE_PATHS
translations). See the corresponding deprecated features section
of this document.For translatable literals found in JavaScript code ('djangojs' gettext
domain):
'django' domain translations: Overriding of
translations shipped with applications by using the LOCALE_PATHS
setting is now possible for this domain too. These translations have higher
precedence than the translations of Python packages passed to the
javascript_catalog() view. Paths listed first have higher precedence than
the ones listed later.locale subdirectory of the project directory
have never been taken in account for JavaScript translations and remain in
the same situation considering the deprecation of such location.When using managed transactions -- that is, anything but the default
autocommit mode -- it is important when a transaction is marked as
"dirty". Dirty transactions are committed by the commit_on_success
decorator or the django.middleware.transaction.TransactionMiddleware, and
commit_manually forces them to be closed explicitly; clean transactions
"get a pass", which means they are usually rolled back at the end of a request
when the connection is closed.
Until Django 1.3, transactions were only marked dirty when Django was
aware of a modifying operation performed in them; that is, either some
model was saved, some bulk update or delete was performed, or the user
explicitly called transaction.set_dirty(). In Django 1.3, a
transaction is marked dirty when any database operation is
performed.
As a result of this change, you no longer need to set a transaction
dirty explicitly when you execute raw SQL or use a data-modifying
SELECT. However, you do need to explicitly close any read-only
transactions that are being managed using commit_manually(). For example:
@transaction.commit_manually
def my_view(request, name):
obj = get_object_or_404(MyObject, name__iexact=name)
return render_to_response("template", {"object": obj})
Prior to Django 1.3, this would work without error. However, under
Django 1.3, this will raise a
TransactionManagementError because
the read operation that retrieves the MyObject instance leaves the
transaction in a dirty state.
Prior to Django 1.3, inactive users were able to request a password reset email and reset their password. In Django 1.3 inactive users will receive the same message as a nonexistent account.
from_email¶The django.contrib.auth.views.password_reset() view now accepts a
from_email parameter, which is passed to the password_reset_form’s
save() method as a keyword argument. If you are using this view with a
custom password reset form, then you will need to ensure your form's save()
method accepts this keyword argument.
Django 1.3 deprecates some features from earlier releases. These features are still supported, but will be gradually phased out over the next few release cycles.
Code taking advantage of any of the features below will raise a
PendingDeprecationWarning in Django 1.3. This warning will be
silent by default, but may be turned on using Python's warnings
module, or by running Python with a -Wd or -Wall flag.
In Django 1.4, these warnings will become a DeprecationWarning,
which is not silent. In Django 1.5 support for these features will
be removed entirely.
参见
For more details, see the documentation Django's release process and our deprecation timeline.
mod_python support¶The mod_python library has not had a release since 2007 or a commit since
2008. The Apache Foundation board voted to remove mod_python from the set
of active projects in its version control repositories, and its lead developer
has shifted all of his efforts toward the lighter, slimmer, more stable, and
more flexible mod_wsgi backend.
If you are currently using the mod_python request handler, you
should redeploy your Django projects using another request handler.
mod_wsgi is the request handler
recommended by the Django project, but FastCGI is also supported. Support for
mod_python deployment will be removed in Django 1.5.
As a result of the introduction of class-based generic views, the function-based generic views provided by Django have been deprecated. The following modules and the views they contain have been deprecated:
django.views.generic.create_updatedjango.views.generic.date_baseddjango.views.generic.list_detaildjango.views.generic.simpletemplate attribute¶Django's test client returns
Response objects annotated with extra testing
information. In Django versions prior to 1.3, this included a template
attribute containing information about templates rendered in generating the
response: either None, a single Template object, or a
list of Template objects. This inconsistency in
return values (sometimes a list, sometimes not) made the attribute difficult
to work with.
In Django 1.3 the template attribute is deprecated in favor of a new
templates attribute, which is always a
list, even if it has only a single element or no elements.
DjangoTestRunner¶As a result of the introduction of support for unittest2, the features
of django.test.simple.DjangoTestRunner (including fail-fast
and Ctrl-C test termination) have been made redundant. In view of this
redundancy, DjangoTestRunner has been turned into an empty placeholder
class, and will be removed entirely in Django 1.5.
url and ssi¶Most template tags will allow you to pass in either constants or variables as arguments -- for example:
{% extends "base.html" %}
allows you to specify a base template as a constant, but if you have a
context variable templ that contains the value base.html:
{% extends templ %}
is also legal.
However, due to an accident of history, the url and ssi are different.
These tags use the second, quoteless syntax, but interpret the argument as a
constant. This means it isn't possible to use a context variable as the target
of a url and ssi tag.
Django 1.3 marks the start of the process to correct this historical
accident. Django 1.3 adds a new template library -- future -- that
provides alternate implementations of the url and ssi
template tags. This future library implement behavior that makes
the handling of the first argument consistent with the handling of all
other variables. So, an existing template that contains:
{% url sample %}
should be replaced with:
{% load url from future %}
{% url 'sample' %}
The tags implementing the old behavior have been deprecated, and in
Django 1.5, the old behavior will be replaced with the new behavior.
To ensure compatibility with future versions of Django, existing
templates should be modified to use the new future libraries and
syntax.
In previous version the admin app defined login methods in multiple locations and ignored the almost identical implementation in the already used auth app. A side effect of this duplication was the missing adoption of the changes made in r12634 to support a broader set of characters for usernames.
This release refactors the admin's login mechanism to use a subclass of the
AuthenticationForm instead of a manual
form validation. The previously undocumented method
'django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite.display_login_form' has been removed
in favor of a new login_form
attribute.
reset and sqlreset management commands¶Those commands have been deprecated. The flush and sqlflush commands
can be used to delete everything. You can also use ALTER TABLE or DROP TABLE
statements manually.
TEST_RUNNER previously used to execute
the GeoDjango test suite, django.contrib.gis.tests.run_gis_tests, was
deprecated for the class-based runner,
django.contrib.gis.tests.GeoDjangoTestSuiteRunner.transform() would
silently do nothing when GDAL wasn't available. Now, a
GEOSException is properly raised
to indicate possible faulty application code. A warning is now
raised if transform() is
called when the SRID of the geometry is less than 0 or None.CZBirthNumberField.clean¶Previously this field's clean() method accepted a second, gender, argument
which allowed stronger validation checks to be made, however since this
argument could never actually be passed from the Django form machinery it is
now pending deprecation.
CompatCookie¶Previously, django.http exposed an undocumented CompatCookie class,
which was a bugfix wrapper around the standard library SimpleCookie. As the
fixes are moving upstream, this is now deprecated - you should use from
django.http import SimpleCookie instead.
This release of Django starts the deprecation process for inclusion of
translations located under the so-called project path in the translation
building process performed at runtime. The LOCALE_PATHS setting can
be used for the same task by adding the filesystem path to a locale
directory containing project-level translations to the value of that setting.
Rationale for this decision:
The project path has always been a loosely defined concept (actually, the directory used for locating project-level translations is the directory containing the settings module) and there has been a shift in other parts of the framework to stop using it as a reference for location of assets at runtime.
Detection of the locale subdirectory tends to fail when the
deployment scenario is more complex than the basic one. e.g. it
fails when the settings module is a directory (ticket #10765).
There are potential strange development- and deployment-time
problems like the fact that the project_dir/locale/ subdir can
generate spurious error messages when the project directory is added
to the Python path (manage.py runserver does this) and then it
clashes with the equally named standard library module, this is a
typical warning message:
/usr/lib/python2.6/gettext.py:49: ImportWarning: Not importing directory '/path/to/project/locale': missing __init__.py.
import locale, copy, os, re, struct, sys
This location wasn't included in the translation building process for JavaScript literals. This deprecation removes such inconsistency.
PermWrapper moved to django.contrib.auth.context_processors¶In Django 1.2, we began the process of changing the location of the
auth context processor from django.core.context_processors to
django.contrib.auth.context_processors. However, the
PermWrapper support class was mistakenly omitted from that
migration. In Django 1.3, the PermWrapper class has also been
moved to django.contrib.auth.context_processors, along with the
PermLookupDict support class. The new classes are functionally
identical to their old versions; only the module location has changed.
XMLField¶When Django was first released, Django included an XMLField that performed
automatic XML validation for any field input. However, this validation function
hasn't been performed since the introduction of newforms, prior to the 1.0
release. As a result, XMLField as currently implemented is functionally
indistinguishable from a simple TextField.
For this reason, Django 1.3 has fast-tracked the deprecation of
XMLField -- instead of a two-release deprecation, XMLField
will be removed entirely in Django 1.4.
It's easy to update your code to accommodate this change -- just
replace all uses of XMLField with TextField, and remove the
schema_path keyword argument (if it is specified).
12月 05, 2023